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For the song, see Lilium (song).
"Lily" redirects here. For information about "Lily" as a human name, see Lily (name). For other uses, see Lily (disambiguation).
"Lilies" redirects here. For other uses, see Lilies (disambiguation).
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The genus Lilium are herbaceous flowering plants normally growing from bulbs, comprising a genus of about 110 species in the lily family, Liliaceae. They are important as large showy flowering garden plants, and in literature. Some of the bulbs have been consumed by people. The species in this genus are the true lilies, while other plants with lily in the common name are related to other groups of plants.
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Lilies are native to the northern temperate regions. Their range in the Old World extends across much of Europe, the north Mediterranean, across most of Asia to Japan, south to the Nilgiri mountains in India, and south to the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States.
They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and a single one is known to live as an epiphyte (L. arboricola). In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.
Lilium \'Citronella\'
Lilies are usually erect leafy stemmed herbs. The majority of species form naked or tunic-less scaly underground bulbs from which they overwinter. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons. A few species form bulbs at or near the soil surface .
Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb.
The large flowers have three petals along with three petal-like sepals, often fragrant, and come in a range of colours ranging through whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds, purples, bronze and even nearly black. Markings include spots, brush strokes and picotees.
The plants are summer flowering. Most species are deciduous, but Lilium candidum bears a basal rosette of leaves for much of the year. Flowers are formed at the top of a single erect stem, with leaves being borne at intervals up the stem.
Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These include Cardiocrinum and Nomocharis.
Taxonomical division in sections follows: Harold Comber, 1949. "A new classification of the genus Lilium." Lily Yearbook, Royal Hortic. Soc., London. 15:86-105., Taxonomy basically from: Govaerts, R. (2006). World Checklist of Liliaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ accessed 15 September 2006; 20:36 GMT, Taxonomy of Section Pseudolirium from: Flora of North America, Vol. 26, Online, Taxonomy of Section Liriotypus in consideration of: I. Resetnik, Z. Liber, Z. Satovic, P. Cigic, T. Nikolic: Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Lilium carniolicum group (Liliaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences, in: Plant Systematics and Evolution, 265: 45–58 (2007), Taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections): Flora of China, Vol. 24, Online, Taxonomy of Section Archelirion in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Arakawa Katsuro, Nagamine Tsukasa: Phylogenetic Analysis of Section Sinomartagon in Genus Lilium Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA, in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.51, No.1, pp. 39-46, Taxonomy of Section Archelirion in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Nagamine Tsukasa: Phylogenetic Relationships among Lilium auratum Lindley, L. auratum var. platyphyllum Baker and L. rubellum Baker Based on Three Spacer Regions in Chloroplast DNA, in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.52, No.3, pp. 207-213
 | Lilium distichum | |
 | Lilium hansonii | |
 | Lilium martagon | Martagon or Turk\'s cap lily |
 | Lilium medeoloides | |
 | Lilium tsingtauense | |
.jpg/58px-Lilium debile (Drawing).jpg) | Lilium debile |
 | Lilium bolanderi | |
 | Lilium columbianum | Columbia Lily or Tiger Lily |
 | Lilium humboldtii | Humboldt\'s lily |
 | Lilium kelloggii | |
 | Lilium rubescens | |
 | Lilium washingtonianum | Washington Lily, Shasta Lily, or Mt. Hood Lily |
 | Lilium kelleyanum | |
 | Lilium maritimum | |
 | Lilium occidentale | |
 | Lilium pardalinum | Panther or Leopard lily |
 | Lilium parryi | |
 | Lilium parvum | Sierra tiger lily or Alpine lily |
 | Lilium canadense | Canada Lily or Meadow Lily |
 | Lilium puberulum | |
 | Lilium grayi | |
 | Lilium iridollae | |
 | Lilium michiganense | Michigan Lily |
 | Lilium michauxii | Carolina Lily |
| Lilium pyrophilum | ||
 | Lilium superbum | Swamp lily or American tiger lily |
 | Lilium catesbaei | |
 | Lilium philadelphicum | Wood lily, Philadelphia lily or prairie lily |
 | Lilium auratum | Golden rayed lily of Japan, or Goldband lily |
| Lilium platyphyllum | ||
| Lilium brownii | ||
| Lilium japonicum | ||
| Lilium nobilissimum | ||
| Lilium rubellum | ||
 | Lilium speciosum | Japanese lily |
| Lilium pensylvanicum | |
| Lilium maculatum |
Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as a patio plant.
Some lilies, especially Lilium longiflorum, as well as a few other hybrids, form important cut flower crops. These tend to be forced for particular markets; for instance, L. longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.
Lilium bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of L. lancifolium, L. pumilum, and especially L. brownii (Chinese: 百合干; pinyin: bǎihé gān) are grown at large scale in China as a luxury or health food, most often sold in dry form. They are eaten especially in the summer, for their ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparison with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.
Although they are believed to be safe for humans to eat, there are reports of nephrotoxicosis (kidney failure) in cats which have eaten some species of Lilium and Hemerocallis [1].
Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including The Dun-bar.
Asiatic hybrid flower
Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are hybrids. They vary according to their parent species, and are classified in the following broad groups;
Liliums can be propagated in several ways;
The botanic name Lilium is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek leirion, which is generally assumed to be the Madonna lily. [2]
RHS Lily Group Seed Exchange [3]]
Orange Lily showing stamens with pollen-covered anthers. Ontario, Canada. June 2002. |
Lilium auratum - pollen.jpg
Pollen of Lilium auratum (Oriental Lily) Back-scattered electron microscope image |
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